Sunday, January 26, 2020
Iraq War: Aftermath of US Withdrawal
Iraq War: Aftermath of US Withdrawal IRAQI SPAT HOOD IN POST AGGRESSION ENVIRONMENT INTRODUCTION The ancient civilization Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq (Al Jumhuriyah-Al-Iraqia in Arabic), is a country in south-western Asia. This great civilization had been humiliated and devastated by the invasion of many, and recently the United States-led coalition forces. The Second Gulf War popularly known as ââ¬Å"The Iraq Warâ⬠took place from 20 March to 08 April 2003. The war itself may be regarded as a sequel to the First Gulf War fought in 1991. Americans named the war ââ¬Å"Operation Iraqi Freedom, (OIF)â⬠. Military action led by the United States against the regime of Saddam Hussein, the authoritarian leader of Iraq. Announcing the beginning of the war, United States President George W Bush explained that the goals were to ââ¬Å"Disarm Iraq to free its people.â⬠Though President Bush declared on 01 May 2003 that the major combat operations in Iraq had been over, yet many would argue that the war in Iraq has not ended. It is more evident when the coalition f orces are engaged in fierce guerrillas who all are effectively applying the hit and run tactics and casualties on United States soldiers are on the rise. The Coalition Forces (CF) invaded Iraq in total defiance of international opinion. There had been a wide-ranging scepticism about the United Statesââ¬â¢s case for initiating this war. The coalition gained a military victory against a nation that had been suffering due to United Nationââ¬â¢s imposed sanctions for the last 12 years. The military outcome in Iraq War was never in doubt, yet any success seems widely premature for several reasons. Even in Iraq it is not at all clear at this point whether the sequel to warfare will be a smooth transition to a peaceful and democratic Iraq or a descent into civil war. This invention led to many desired and undesired outcomes. It is certain that the war in Iraq and the post-war situation haveà wide ranging effects on the countryââ¬â¢s future. After the national election, now it is the probable time for United States forces to withdraw. But still the Iraqi Army, National Guard and Police could not act very effectively. After the election now situation of Iraq has got a new dimension. Political and military events though are inseparable in war; this paper will highlight the pre war Iraq, future prospects and possibilities of Iraq after the departure of collation force. AIM The aim of this paper is to analyze the pre war situation of Iraq and the likely future conditions after withdrawal of United States forces. AN ACCOUNT OF PRE WAR IRAQ Social About 75 percent of the population of Iraq is Arab. Kurds, dwelling in the highlands of northern Iraq, constitute 15 to 20 percent of the population. Smaller groups include Turkmenââ¬â¢s, Jews, Armenians, and Assyrians. Arabic is the official language of Iraq and is spoken by the majority of the population. The Kurds speak Kurdish. Armenian and Assyrian are spoken in rural areas in the north and west. Iraq is a pilgrimage site for Shia Muslims. Muslims make up 96 percent of Iraqââ¬â¢s population. About 60 to 65 percent of the Muslims adhere to the Shia branch, and the rest adhere to the Sunni branch. The Shias live mostly in central and southern Iraq, and the Sunnis live principally in the north. Most of the Kurds are Sunnis. Several of the holy cities of the Shias, notably An Najaf and KarbalÃâà ââ¬â¢, are situated in Iraq. Economic The modern Iraqi economy has been largely based on petroleum. Most of the few large manufacturing industries have to do with oil. During Husseinââ¬â¢s rule the Iraqi economy was adversely affected by four major factors: the war with Iran during the 1980s, an international oil glut in the 1980s and 1990s, the economic sanctions imposed by the United Nations (UN) after the invasion of Kuwait in 1990, and the Persian Gulf War in 1991. The combined effect of all these factors was the destruction of Iraqââ¬â¢s basic infrastructure (roads, bridges, power grids, and the like) and the countryââ¬â¢s financial bankruptcy. The UN sanctions created widespread unemployment, skyrocketing inflation, and severe shortages of previously imported commodities, including medicine, medical equipment, animal vaccines, farm machinery, electricity-generating equipment, and water purification supplies. As a result of these shortages and the damage done to water and sewage treatment systems during the war, the incidence of disease and malnutrition rose sharply. Political The leading political organization in Iraq under Saddam Hussein was the Arab Baath Socialist Party, which bases its policies on pan-Arab and socialist principles. Other political groups include the Iraqi Communist Party (ICP), the KurdistÃâà n Democratic Party (KDP), The United Iraqi Alliance, the Patriotic Union of KurdistÃâà n (PUK), and a few other Kurdish parties. The two most important Shia opposition parties are the Daââ¬Ëwa Islamic Party and the Supreme Assembly of the Islamic Revolution in Iraq (SAIRI). Until Husseinââ¬â¢s overthrow, all these opposition parties were illegal outside the Kurdish autonomous region. Following the US invasion, another political group, the Iraqi National Congress led by Ahmad Chalabi, emerged as an important political force. The Baath Party remained a legalà and open party. However, the US administrator for Iraq banned some high-level Baath Party members from employment in the public sector. STRATEGY OF UNITED STATES AND COALITION AGGRESSION By early March 2003 it became clear that the administration of US president George W Bush was intent on military action against Iraq. The Bush administration asserted that Iraq possessed chemical weapons, had accelerated its program to make biological weapons, and was actively seeking materials to make nuclear weapons. The US administration feared that Hussein could provide weapons of mass destruction to terrorist groups for use against the United States. In subsequent speeches and reports President Bush and his administration made the case for preemptive military action to avoid such a potential threat. ââ¬Å"If we wait for threats to fully materialize, we will have waited too long,â⬠President Bush said in June 2002. To make the case for military action against Iraq in his January 2002 State of the Union speech in which he identified Iraq as a member of an ââ¬Å"axis of evilâ⬠threatening global security.In his January 2003 State of the Union address, President Bush cited reports that Hussein had attempted to buy ââ¬Å"significant quantities of uranium from Africaâ⬠as well as special aluminum tubes in order to produce nuclear weapons. Bush administration officials also asserted that the establishment of a new, democratic government in Iraq could pave the way for peace in the Middle East and the spread of democracy among Arab nations. The war began on 20 March. The invasion of Iraq, dubbed Operation Iraqi Freedom by the White House, was led by General Tommy Franks, then head of the US Central Command. The coalition force consisted of a U.S.à force that initially numbered about 200,000 personnel (eventually expandingà to 290,000), as well as about 50,000 British personnel, about 2,000 Australian troops, and about 200 Polish soldiers.The U.S. military made much greater use of precise, high-tech weaponry than in the Persian Gulfà War. In 2003 coalition force used satellite-guided bombs and advanced drones (unmanned aerial vehicles) for reconnaissance. In early April the US force, its supply lines secured, moved in on Baghdad. On 4 April 2003 Army forces seized Saddam International Airport, west of the city, and renamed it Baghdad International Airport. On 5 April a battalion from the 2nd Brigade of the 3rd Infantry Division drove through Baghdad in a raid. More than 1,000 Iraqis were reported killed during the operation, according to a US estimate. On 7 April 2003 the 2nd Brigade attacked into central Baghdad. The same day, US B-1 bombers dropped four 900-kg (2,000-lb) bombs on a building in western Baghdad where Hussein was believed to be hiding. Nevertheless, Husseinââ¬â¢s grip on power was gone. US Marines arrived in Baghdad on 9 April 2003 and helped Iraqi civilians tear down a massive statue of Saddam Hussein that towered over a major city square. Within a few days Marines captured Tikrit, a city north of Baghdad and Husseinââ¬â¢s ancestral home, with little struggle. President Bush declared an end to combat operations on 1 May 2003. Nevertheless, the guerrilla war against the coalition occupation continued till today. IRAQI RESISTANCE WAR Insurgents have killed at least 29 US and six British military personnel since the US President, George Bush, declared an End to combat operations in Iraq on May 1. The violence has been concentrated in Baghdad and the so-called Sunni triangle west and north of the capital, an area inhabited mainly by Saddam Husseins fellow Sunni Arabs, a minority in Iraq. Attacks under cover of crowds are less risky for the assailant. Theà only defence against them is maintaining strict separation between coalition troops and the civilian population apparently one of the insurgents aims. The Iraqi resistance to US occupation is growing, as is its support among ordinary Iraqis. Iraqs interim government recently admitted that the insurgency involves at least 40,000 hardcore fighters and up to 200,000 active sympathizersa far cry from the isolated 5,000 Baathist remnants and foreign fighters the Pentagon initially claimed to be fighting. They are effectively using the hit and run tactics on the coalition force. GENERAL ELECTIONS At the beginning of 2005 after 50 years, 30 January 2005 general election took place. In this election Shia supported United Iraqi Alliances earn the majority and form the first democratic government. The Kurdish Leader Jalal Talebani elected as President and Shia leader Ibrahim Al Jaffrai nominated as Prime minister. After that the government fails to ensure the national unity. Ruther government ignites the conflict. In the proposed constitution government neglect the interest of Sunni Muslim. After a long debate 28 August 2005 government signed the draft constitution and arranges the general election on this constitution. In that election within the 18 provinces government won in 15 provinces and lost in resttree. With this result the Sunni could not change the constriction. The Shia ââ¬âSunni conflict increase in this volatile situation. International Opinions. US and British officials repeatedly warned Iraqââ¬â¢s political parties that in a democratic election there are winner and looser. Same time they hope that Iraqi leader set up a coalition governmentà to help the undermine Sunni support for the insurgency. Now to bring them in the same platform the government have to keep the interest of the Sunni. INTERNAL SITUATION Political Presently in Iraq Shia and Sunni conflict turn into a worst situation. At 21 February 2006 there was a big boom explosion in Shia mosque AL Aksari in Samara city. It starts the riot in Bagdad. In whole country at least 90 Sunni mosques was attacked by Sunnis. After this incident there is a possibility of civil war. The main political party of Sunni complains that at least 50 mosques in Bagdad city were attacked by Shia. Iraqi president Jalal Talebani asks all to face the situation together and stop the risk of civil war. A month after the general election, political parties are still waiting for results and are jockeying for position ahead of the start of serious bargaining on the make up of the countryââ¬â¢s first full time government since the fall of Saddam Hussein. Initial indications showed that Iraqââ¬â¢s Shiite(A branch of Shia Muslim) majority come out on top in the 15 Decemberââ¬â¢s vote but final results dew in the coming days, have been delayed by a probe into com plaints by Sunni backed and secular party of ballot rigging. Recently the Iraqi parties started negotiation on a national unity government after rebels launched concentred attack in western Iraq to coincide with the release of election result. The election were marked by voting along ethnic and sectarian lines with the shia religious based United Iraqi Alliance, which includes prime minister Ibrahim Jaafariââ¬â¢s DawaParty and Abdul Aziz Hakimââ¬â¢s Supreme Council for Islamic Revolution in Iraq, winning 128 of parliamentââ¬â¢s 275 states. Economic Following the US Iraq War of 2003, the US spent billions of dollars to revive Iraqââ¬â¢s oil industry. By March 2004 Iraq was producing about 2.5 million barrels of oil per day, nearly as much as it produced prior to the 2003 war. The US expenditures were also aimed at restoring and upgrading Iraqââ¬â¢s oil fields and refineries. Much of the work was contracted to U.S. andà other foreign oil companies, under the supervision of the US civil administrator. Social After the aggression of coalition force now Iraqiââ¬â¢s are facing the hard strike of poverty. A resent study by the United Nation Development Programme and international Monetary Fund shows that 20 percent of the population has followen below the international poverty line of one dollar par day par person. The member of the families registering for assistanceà with the labor and social affairs ministry has more then tripled since the war to 171000 and even that according to the ministry ââ¬Å"Drop in the oceanâ⬠. FUTURE TRENDS After the withdrawal of coalition force, the first to suffer will be the people of Iraq. Due to the Shia ââ¬âSunni conflict general mass will face human suffering. Each and every day the list of casualty getting longer and longer. Various terrorist / insurgence group are still active. Police force or security force is not well organized. After withdrawal of US forces the law and order situation will be in a feeble condition. Insurgency, political revenge and arms conflict between various political or religious groups willà increase. Police force or security force require time to organize, equipped and trained them. In this process various political parties came up and participated in general election. Rashid Khalidi, director of the Middle East Institute atà Columbia University said just before the election ââ¬Å"They will have a Shia-dominated, Islamic-oriented government in Iraq. Now situation is not balance. Shia dominated party gets the clear majority in the election, could not make the situation stable. Conflict of Shia and Sunni heading towards a civil war. There may be situation the whole country will divided as per their ethics. Recently they started attacked on there religious centers. Standing on this crisis situation Iraqi president Jalal Talebani asks all to face the situation together and stop the risk of civil war. Recently the Iraqi political parties started negotiation on a national unity government after rebels launched concentred attack in western Iraq toà coincide with the release of election result. The election were marked by voting along ethnic and sectarian lines with the Shia religious based United Iraqi Alliance, which includes prime minister Ibrahim Jaafariââ¬â¢s Dawa Party. CONCLUSION à Iraq War has once again proved that there cannot be a military solution to a political problem. Though US Doctrine of Pre-emption has changed world security perspective, it also cautions that war against world opinion can be a disaster. More equipment-intensive future battlefield warrants modernization of the army. It has also proved that the most highââ¬âtech war also cannot be bloodless. Several thousands Iraqis were killed and wounded. Lately US loss is also quite significant. A good plan shouldà also encompass all aspects of war ââ¬â from the battle itself to the rebuilding phase, where the Armed Forces will be a relevant player. The post conflictà scenario for the army is equally challenging against the insurgence and guerrilla group. The post-war situation in Iraq is frustrating. The political process for the smooth transition to democracy is in question. The reconstruction process is unbearably slow for the people of the war torn country. The on going high intensity of guerrilla war and aggressive counter insurgency operation are aggravating the sufferings of the people further. The peace and stability of Iraq and the region is highly uncertain. The war ravage Iraq is facing a total disorder. Reconstruction of Iraq is now the biggest challenge. The public service are to be restored, supply of food, medicine and other essential commodities are to be ensured. Sufferings of the mass people cannot be reducing at a time but a smoothà political situation will be the first priority to achieve social and economical establishment. RECOMMENDATIONS Political parties should have mutual trust between them. They should come to a same platform on the interest of their country. Soon they should form the coalition government and start reconstructions of war offended country. Various political parties should give the highest priority to their national interest keeping a side their UN ethical interest. They should take help of ether countries to develop their own security force. Government should take to solve the Insurgency problem. Bhatiary ,Chittagong IMTIAZ MAHMUD BIBLIOGRAPHY Books 1.Bruce W. Watson, Military Lessons of the Gulf War, (Lahore: Izharsons Printers, 1992). 2.J C Aggarwal, Golf Crisis : Pre War And post War Scenario,(INDIA : S Chand Company) 3. Robert F Helms,The Persian Gulf Crisis: Power in the post ââ¬âCold War World ( London: Wesport, Connecticut.) Journals / Magazines/ Newspaper 4.Daily Star: January, February 2006 5.Burger, Kim, Caught off guard? Janeââ¬â¢s Defence Weekly, October 01, 2003. 6.Elliott, Michael, So, What Went Wrong? Time Magazine, October 06, 2003. 7.Robinson, Simon, Baghdad Today; Progress, Inch by Inch, Time Magazine, October 06, 2003. 8.Ripley, Tim, Mean Streets, Janeââ¬â¢s Defence Weekly, October 15, 2003. Reports 9.Lt Gen T. Michael Moseley, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM-By the Numbers: (Assessment and Analysis Division, USCENTAF, 30 April 2003). Official Document 10.Army Headquarters Project Study Paper by 46 Independent Infantry Brigade, Iraq War A Review, Dhaka, 2003. Web Sites 11.www.bbc.com 12.www.army.com
Saturday, January 18, 2020
A Scrutiny of the Ethical Dilemmas in ââ¬ËA Few Good Menââ¬â¢
A young Navy Lawyer named Lt. Daniel Kaffee is in charge of the cases of two Marines, namely: PFC Louden Downey and LCpl Harold Dawson, who have been court-martialed because of allegedly murdering a fellow marine that goes by the name of PFC William T. Santiago (Reiner et. al., 1992).PFC William T. Santiago criticizes the status of Guantanamo Naval Base Bay in terms of its health condition (Reiner et. al., 1992). The top officials ignore his appeals which led him to finally decide on requesting that he be transferred to another Naval Base (Reiner et. al., 1992). As they continue to pay no attention to his complaints, he threatened that he would expose a case of an ââ¬Å"illegal fence-line shootingâ⬠if they would not transfer him to another Naval Base (Reiner et. al., 1992).He then sends a letter to Col. Nathan Jessep, the CO of the Marines at the aforementioned base (Reiner et. al., 1992). Col. Nathan Jessep reads it as a way of informing Lt. Col. Matthew Markinson, who is Col . Nathan Jessepââ¬â¢s executive officer and 1st Lt. Jonathan Kendrick, who is the platoon commander of PFC William T. Santiago (Reiner et. al., 1992).Both Col. Nathan Jessepââ¬â¢s subordinates get mad as they were being notified about it but they disagree with the decision of transferring PFC William T. Santiago to another Naval Base (Reiner et. al., 1992). Lt. Col. Matthew Markinson wants to transfer PFC William T. Santiago, however, Col. Nathan Jessep do not agree with it stating that PFC William T. Santiago will be trained there instead (Reiner et. al., 1992).Lt. Daniel Kaffee establishes that PFC Louden Downey and LCpl Harold Dawson were just carrying out the instructions/orders given by Col. Nathan Jessep, as well as, 1st Lt. Jonathan Kendrick (Reiner et. al., 1992). PFC Louden Downey and LCpl Harold Dawson reiterate that they were given instructions to ââ¬Å"give the victim a Code Redâ⬠(Reiner et. al., 1992). A ââ¬Å"Code Redâ⬠is a ââ¬Å"colloquial termino logyâ⬠that pertains to ââ¬Å"extrajudicial punishmentâ⬠(Reiner et. al., 1992).When Lt. Daniel Kaffee began to infer that he was only specifically picked to be the lead counsel of PFC Louden Downey and LCpl Harold Dawson, he knew immediately the reasons why (Reiner et. al., 1992). It was because he used to engage himself in ââ¬Å"quickly settling cases by plea bargainsâ⬠(Reiner et. al., 1992).The ones who picked him had two motives for choosing him: number one is to hamper the case of PFC Louden Downey and LCpl Harold Dawson from being tried and number two is to humiliate the Marine Corps which will eventually tarnish Col. Nathan Jessepââ¬â¢s promotion (Reiner et. al., 1992).Fortunately, as the case progresses, Lt. Daniel Kaffee is more motivated to work on the case (Reiner et. al., 1992). He even learned to cooperate and respect LCDR JoAnn Galloway, his partner in defending the case of PFC Louden Downey and LCpl Harold Dawson (Reiner et. al., 1992).In the end, Lt. Daniel Kaffee is successful in defending the case by providing evidence that indeed Col. Nathan Jessep ââ¬Å"ordered a Code Redâ⬠to get back at PFC William T. Santiago who has written a letter with regards to a case of an ââ¬Å"illegal fence-line shootingâ⬠(Reiner et. al., 1992).As Col. Nathan Jessep confesses that he ordered so, he was arrested and detained while PFC Louden Downey and LCpl Harold Dawson were not charged by the court as ââ¬Å"guilty of murder and conspiracy to commit murderâ⬠however, was charged for ââ¬Å"conduct unbecoming of a United States Marineâ⬠(Reiner et. al., 1992). PFC Louden Downey and LCpl Harold Dawson were ââ¬Å"dishonorably dischargedâ⬠because of that (Reiner et. al., 1992). Ã
Friday, January 10, 2020
Coaching and Counselling Skills for a Manager Essay
Supervisors procrastinate in coaching or counselling because theyââ¬â¢re afraid of hurting employeeââ¬â¢s feelings â⬠¢Coaching or counselling documentation is inconsistent or nonexistent because there hasnââ¬â¢t been consistent management training conducted â⬠¢Supervisors and managers need to be more assertive in addressing performance issues â⬠¢Employee development aspect of coaching needs to be improved â⬠¢Supervisors need to fully understand the principles and benefits of progressive discipline through an effective management skills training course â⬠¢Coaching or counselling sessions end up in hurt feelings, arguments or disagreements â⬠¢Managers need to understand how to train their employees better â⬠¢Managers need to counsel emotional employees more effectively â⬠¢Supervisors need to remain in control of their emotions when counselling employees Training Solutions: â⬠¢Improve employee performance and results through a more effective coaching and leadership training â⬠¢Enhance feedback and criticism skills that result in changed performance â⬠¢Establish organizational consistency in formal and informal disciplinary practices â⬠¢Boost the productivity and quality of individuals and teams â⬠¢Succeed with angry and emotional employees â⬠¢Improve the motivation and morale of employees â⬠¢Safely and legally discipline employees Make your feedback more effective in changing behaviour and performance â⬠¢Document employee performance, behaviour and attitude safely and consistently â⬠¢Establish and enforce consistent progressive discipline practices â⬠¢Choose the right words to improve understanding and reduce defensiveness in coaching or counselling â⬠¢Document verbal and written warnings consistently and safely â⬠¢Develop more powerful and effective communication skills â⬠¢Defuse angry and emotional employees more successfully â⬠¢Handle difficult and sensitive issues more confidently â⬠¢Maximize t he results of effective criticism â⬠¢Support supervisors and managers with effective leadership training Coaching ; Counseling Skills for Managers Course Outline: I. Developing the Foundation for Constructive Leadership 1. Establishing confidence and trust with our employees 2. Understanding the influence of management styles on employee behaviour 3. Deal with different personalities more effectively with our management skills training 4. Using common sense motivating factors II. Coaching Employees for Maximum Performance 1. Creating a team vision 2. Making employees accountable and responsible 3. Giving effective positive and negative feedback 4. Using feedback to change employee behaviour 5. Choose the right words for more constructive criticism 6. Gain their commitment to improve 7. 5 step coaching plan III. Counseling Employees to Improve Performance 1. Using performance appraisals to drive improvement 2. Using constructive versus destructive communication 3. Issuing and documenting formal and informal verbal warnings 4. A 5 step counselling plan 5. Developing a PIP-performance improvement plan that works 6. Legally safe written warning documentation 7. Progressive disciplinary guidelines IV. Difficult Coaching ; Counseling Situations 1. Employees bringing personal problems to work 2. Handle difficult or explosive personalities and behaviours 3. Safely terminate employees who donââ¬â¢t improve 4. Coach employees who are personal friends or former peers 5. Counsel employees who are older than or have more seniority than the manager 6. Deal with chronic complainers and gripers 7. Learn the keys to coaching and leadership
Thursday, January 2, 2020
The Field Of The Investigative Journalism - 1508 Words
In this article, Bourdieu proposes that the television has impacted the journalistic field in a wider and strong way that other cultural transformations did before within the cultural field. Doing so, says Bourdieu, television and journalistic field have also triggered transformations in other fields upon which journalism has an impact. As it is performed, the journalistic field tends to reinforce the economic (commercial) field instead of the pure one. Following Bourdieu, the journalistic field was settled during the 19th Century through the opposition between the sensationalist newspapers and the analytical or serious newspapers (p. 4). Additionally, the article is helpful for my final project because it sketches ways to measure the autonomy of the journalistic field (p. 4). Bourdieuââ¬â¢s contribution to journalism studies is helpful to explore and analyze the Chilean journalistic field, particularly the sub-field of the investigative journalism, as I propose. Bourdieu says that his intention is not to point out who and how are responsible or guilty about the state of the French journalistic field by his time, but rather to provoke a critical self-consciousness among journalists and promote larger freedom for them and other cultural producers. 7. Bourdieu, P. (2005). The political field, the social science field, and the journalistic field. In Benson and Neveu (eds.) Bourdieu and the Journalistic Field. Malden MA: Polity Press. p. 29-47. 8. Brunner, J.J. (2008). Sociologà aShow MoreRelatedInvestigative Journalism Specialization Essay554 Words à |à 3 PagesI was working for six months on my thesis research, a journalistic investigation entitled ââ¬Å"The Other Side of Ecomafia â⬠. It was my first experience as an investigative reporter, but I immediately realized that it would not be the last. Indeed, the problems my land was going through in those years awakened a passion for investigative journalism in me. 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