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Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Philosophy Matrix Free Essays

Saturday, May 2, 2020

Leadership Theories for Transnational and Trait - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theLeadership Theories for Transnational and Trait. Answer: Leadership is a dynamic aspect of human life due to changing needs and demands that emanate among people. It therefore implies that leadership types, styles and methods are always evolving as a response to these forces. However, most in particular is the influence of human behavior in ensuring that these changes are part of the leadership model that is adopted in any social, political or economic set up. In light of this, charismatic leadership stands at the center of any societal pressure that leads to the birth of any system in play. As aforementioned, styles, behaviors, creativity and most of all traits will inform the degree that the change can be expected with respect to the leadership theories. Based on this, the essay will identify and discuss the areas that have to be developed in order to become an effective leader at work. The paper will draw scores of academic material with particular interest in the leadership theories such as transformational, transactional, behavioral, trait, great man and contingency in order to provide a credible viewpoint. Assertiveness and the need to be a good communicator is vital in development of a leader. Primarily, an effective leader is one who is able to put across the message to the followers particularly during the hour of need. Such a person is able to command a lot of respect among the followers. Most importantly is his/her dedication to put his people ahead and beyond any personal fulfillment. Furthermore, fulfillment comes from having to serve his people. When leaders are able to make decisions and stick with them for better and for worse, it also improves their image across their followers (Odumeru Sickerel, 2015). More so, it gives them more confidence to handle more challenging ventures. Assertiveness is particulalrly related to the leadership trait that is championed by the trait theory. According to this theory, leaders can be differentauted from non-leaders through sieving through the inherent characteristics that associates them with responsibility. That is bearing the burden of the people that they are leading. In other words, effective leaders are generally thought to carry similar characteristics that will perhaps determine if they can pull through the murky leadership waters. They share a common personality. Moreover, leaders have to change the traits that are proposed by these theory as associated with leadership in order to develop as better leaders both in the present and the future. Here, leadership is innate and such instinctive qualities will provide them with more stable ground to wield their power to their diverse followers. One cannot acquire such traits or rather change them if they do not show any indications that they are nailed to grow into able leaders. It is therefore important to change these traits to be an effective leader or rather realize a rather a big scale of their acquisition. Essentially, good decision making skills, assertiveness as mentioned before, integrity, empathy and likability have to be factored in the question for any level of effective leadership to be developed otherwise nothing much can be achieved (Avolino, Walumbwa . Such traits are vital for leading others. In essence, traits are external behaviors that usually emerge from a diverse range of things going on within the minds of human beings. It is therefore these internal beliefs and processes that are significant for development of an effective leadership as well. Development of leadership requires leaders to forge cooperation and have involvement of a diverse group of individuals who can act as agents to spread the message to the larger area. Leaders can only be developed if they are listened. Having teams involved in their message delivery mainly plays the role of appealing for support and acceptance. This calls for a change in the behavior of the leaders. As a result, behavioral theory emerges from the necessity to have people change in order to harness the best ways that leaders have to act (Kibbe 2015)... Based on this theory, leadership can be developed from any individual who is willing to make a big change in their present behavior. Behaving in a certain way will propel one to be a good leader while on the flipside, certain behavior will also lead to failure (. From the manner in which leaders behave, a number of leadership styles will emerge. For instance autocratic leaders who will often make decisions without consulting anybody. How ever, the importance of this leadership style can be handy when decisions have to be made rather quickly and so there is no need for input because it will make no big difference (Cummings et al 2010). Another important outcrop of behavioral change as reflected by the behavioral theory of leadership is the democratic leadership. In this case, the degree of input actually varies from one leader to another. It is also important when the decision that has to be made has to maintain a larger input (De Vries, 2010). Development of leadership must therefore involve managers recognizing the importance of their subordinates as well as their fellow seniors. One aspect that has to be developed is dynamism which influences the manner in which leaders have to respond to the urgent needs. Prioritization is a key factor in leadership being up to the task. In other words, situational awareness has to be reinforced for development of effective leadership in particular. Contingency leadership theory comes in handy for development of a leader who recognizes the importance of situations and the need to have periodization when things crop up. Such leadership is actually vital in certain circumstances (Mallrat 2010). For a better leader, questions that relate to the need to be either task oriented or rather people-oriented should always crop from time to time. However, there is need to have a leader who is able to espouse all of them (Margaret, 2017). This will mean that recognizing how one situation affects another and in turn the effect it will have on the leadership itself. Leadership must always have an input of integrity and a robust inspiration for the future. The vision to have a better future will always form the basis upon which the tenets of proper leadership can be pinned. Such an approach indicates a transformative theory of leadership. In other words, it tries to bridge the gap between the existing leadership and the need to have a better tomorrow best on the events of the previous day. It should then motivate people to achieve the best vision for the future by proper management of delivery process and lead to building of a proper and a prosperous teams. Primarily, in order to develop an effective and leadership that touches the needs of the people, it must be able to overhaul its style. In other words, it is important to be adaptive. This means numerous situations are able to fit into the different approaches can be instituted. Adaptive leadership has to be a vital component. Leadership must be based on the intrigue, control and compromise indicating a closer look at the transactional leadership theory. While ensuring that control of the people in organization is compulsory, leaders have to apt with the cost-benefit orientation. When costs and benefits are clear enough which then calls on for conformity to the expectations. For instance, managers in the organizations will be keen to have compromise being arranged in order to have their end of the deal being taken care of soon enough. Furthermore, having a more cost-benefit orientation towards leadership implies that leaders are able to concentrate more on the rewarding effort appropriately which eventually creates behavioral conformation. While transformative leadership is bent on having changes on the status quo, transactional leadership is a lot more conservative which also pays homage to respecting the institutions that are in place. In other words, leadership can be developed through only putting in p lace a bit of changes on the existing system without actually upsetting the existing framework which may be requiring quite a lot of time to overhaul it. Nonetheless, transformational leadership offers a very effective method that a manager can use to minimize problems. Self-confidence, self-esteem and self-determination portray are important aspects that should be identified in a leader and hence leadership should be pinned on the same. Such leadership will be primarily paying homage to the Great Man theory of leadership. Such existence means it is only such men who can be good enough for leadership positions (Kibbe, 2015). Encompassing all these aspects in the face of leadership means that individuals must be possessing the characteristics that sets them apart from the rest of the people. In essence, development of leadership is very challenging and this calls for heavy investment on the part of the theoretical approach that a person looks more favorable for his life and leadership platform (Van Mart, 2003). However, each particular theory as established in the paper has specific approach to leadership. Behavioral seeks for a change in an individual behavior pattern, traits theory calls for identifying those traits that are associated with leaders and changing them as well to suit the needs that are advocated by the followers (Proctor, 2004). The other theories are identical in their differences. For example, transformative model indicates a more change in the status quo but in the right in the direction while maintenance of the status quo is advocated for by the trancational theory for the chief reason of preventing the unsettling effect that it could put across. Nonetheless, it is still vital that development of leadership is recognized with regard to the leadership theories. References Margaret, J. (2003). Leadership style and its relationship to individual differences in personality, moral orientation and ethical judgment - a Ph.D. proposal. Of American Academy of Business, Cambridge, 3(1/2), 104. Proctor, S I. (2004). Leadership: The skill most needed. Chemical Engineering Progress, 100(6), 52-57 VanWart, M. (2003). Public-sector leadership theory: An assessment. Public Administration Review, 63(2), 214-229 Kibbe, M. R. (2015). Leadership Theories and Styles. In Leadership in Surgery (pp. 49-57). Springer International Publishing. Cummings, G. G., MacGregor, T., Davey, M., Lee, H., Wong, C. A., Lo, E., Stafford, E. (2010). Leadership styles and outcome patterns for the nursing workforce and work environment: a systematic review. International journal of nursing studies, 47(3), 363-385. Odumeru, J. A., Ogbonna, I. G. (2013). Transformational vs. transactional leadership theories: Evidence in literature. International Review of Management and Business Research, 2(2), 355. De Vries, R. E., Bakker-Pieper, A., Oostenveld, W. (2010). Leadership= communication? The relations of leaders communication styles with leadership styles, knowledge sharing and leadership outcomes. Journal of business and psychology, 25(3), 367-380. Avolio, B. J., Walumbwa, F. O., Weber, T. J. (2009). Leadership: Current theories, research, and future directions. Annual review of psychology, 60, 421-449.

Tuesday, March 24, 2020

Final Shorter Version free essay sample

The kindness of God versus the love of God 10 Conclusion 1 1 Bibliography 12 Introduction Clive Staples Lewis was born November 29th, 1898 in Belfast, Ireland and died in Oxford, England on November 12th, 1963. Commonly known as C. S. Lewis, he is remembered mostly by his fictional and nonfunctional writings. Sews was deeply bothered by the prevalence of pain in the world because it did not reflect a loving God. This issue has raised questions challenging the belief and existence of a loving God that would allow this dilemma to exist. Lewis used his accounts with pain and argued the quandary defending the existence of God.C. S. Lewis wrote the book The Problem of Pain in 1940 in an effort to understand and explain how a good and loving God could allow pain and suffering to be endured by His creation. Lewis states: If God were good, He would wish to make His creatures perfectly happy, and if God were almighty He would be able to do what He wished. We will write a custom essay sample on Final Shorter Version or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But the creatures are not happy. Therefore God lacks either goodness, or power, or both. This is the problem of pain in its simplest form. L The main purpose of this paper is to explain why a good and loving God allows pain and suffering to exist in the lives of Christians.Additionally, this paper will also discuss how people use pain as an objection to creation by a loving and all-powerful God. Next, this paper will explain why pain and suffering are beneficial in the lives Of Christians. Finally, if God is good, why does He not free Christians from suffering when they ask Him to? Pain as an objection to creation Pain and suffering are unavoidable and have tormented the world since the fall of man. The desire to avoid pain is a natural reaction of humans because it will cause hurt either physically or emotionally. People wonder why a good ND all powerful God allows Creation to suffer and not free them from it.They also argue that if God is omnipotent, He can liberate this world from pain. C. S Lewis wrote, If the universe is so bad, or even half so bad, how on earth did human beings ever come to attribute it to the activity of a wise and good The Bible says that in the beginning God created everything good. In fact, Genesis 1:31 confirms that . God looked over all he had made, and he saw that it was very good! 3 People may not agree with the concept of creation, but they can all agree that everything created in Genesis does exist and are good as the Bible says they are. Light, the ocean, trees and plants are good, coordinated, and interdependent, not corrupt and evil. God also created man and woman with the innate ability of free will, to choose to obey God or not. In order to use this ability, God gave them one rule, not to eat from the tree of knowledge of good and evil. Adam and Eve disobeyed God and were banished from the Garden of Eden. The curse of sin entered the world through this wrongful use of freewill. All sin will carry with it pain and suffering. God said to Eve that He would sharpen her childbearing main and to Adam that he would have to struggle and sweat in order to eat. Suffering and pain emanate from the wrong choices that humanity makes. Choosing to disobey God is to choose sin and evil over the love and righteousness of our creator. Pain as a result of freewill God gave Adam and Eve freewill, to choose to obey or disobey God. Lewis wrote, God created things which had free will. That means creatures which can go either wrong or right Why, then, did God give them free will? Because free will, though it makes evil possible, is also the only thing that makes possible any love or goodness or joy worth having.Humans, spend their lives making decisions that impact others in some way or form, whether positively or negatively. Icon explains that Lewis felt that the majority of our pain comes from the people around us; thus, it is important to understand the reason of eye treat each other so badly. 6 Christianity agrees that the root of suffering comes from choosing to disobey God. Neither freewill nor God are to blame for the suffering in the world. The love for worldly things, the selfish desire of the flesh and the lies of the devil are ever so present in the lives of humans, tempting them to disobey God.Still, the question as to why an all-powerful God does not remove suffering is unanswered. In order for suffering not to exist, He would need to remove freewill. Lewis explains, Try to exclude the possibility of suffering which the order of nature and the existence of freewill involve, and you find that you have excluded life itself. 7 God cannot remove freewill, because in doing so, He would eliminate mans capability to choose right or wrong love or hate, or choosing God or evil. Also, as Lewis states, removing freewill, in turn, will remove the existence of humanity. Gods omnipotenceNothing demonstrates Gods omnipotence as evidently as His actions in creation. Genesis 1 describes how God orchestrated the creation of the world by speaking it into existence. Job recognized His omnipotence when he said, l know that you can do anything, and no one can stop you. 8 God created the universe and everything in it out of nothing; therefore, He is greater than creation, thus making Him all powerful. In the chapter, Divine Omnipotence, Lewis explains that omnipotence does not mean the power to do nonsense. 9 In other words, God cannot create a rock too big for Him to lift or a problem too hard to solve.He cannot love and hate humans at the same time. For Him to attempt to create or perform, something that goes against His nature is fundamentally impossible. Harmon explains this using the law of non-contradiction, which means that God cannot grant freewill and not grant freewill at the same time. 10 Though God is omnipotent, His inability to contradict Himself is His choice. Lewis also explains the freedom God has to choose His actions are driven by Himself and no external obstacle can impede them. 11 No external factors that can persuade Gods actions due to His perfect ways.God is also omniscient which allows Him to know how His actions will affect the lives of Christians. Knowing that there is a purpose and meaning behind every decision He makes will provide a better understanding as to why He allows pain and suffering. Hence, pain and suffering are useful for God to achieve His purpose. Pain is necessary in the lives of Christians Humanity instinctively avoids pain and suffering. All humans suffer pain, including Christians. The book of Job demonstrates how an upright man who follows Gods commands, lost all material possessions, family, and his health. Joking at the example of Job, it is clear that following God and His amendments cannot deliver Christians from trials and painful situations. It is hard to accept that there is a good side to pain, but Christianity looks at pain and suffering differently. Lewis explains that God whispers to His followers when everything is going well in life, but He shouts through pain: it is His megaphone to get our attention. 12 Christians would agree that pain is not their preferred method of communication, but in a hectic world with so many distractions, the all-knowing God uses pain as a last resort.The arrival of pain in our lives guides our attention back to God. Christians find peppiness in pleasing and engaging God, but when the demands of the flesh become their focus, then their joy becomes pleasing themselves. However, pain not only brings the attention of Believers back to Him, it also allows Him to reveal His power, love and glory. In 1 Peter 4:13, Peter encourages Chrisms followers to rejoice in their trials and sufferings for they will bring joy when His glory is revealed to the world. 13 Job remained faithful to God while enduring his sufferings.The same God, who allowed Job to suffer, is the same one who blessed him with a double portion of what he had. He was always there, but Gods infinite wisdom allowed all the sufferings Job endured for His reasons and His purpose. Pain promotes spiritual growth As discussed earlier, God can use pain to redirect the attention of believers back to Him when they loose focus of Him. Another way God uses pain is to promote spiritual growth by testing their faith and love for Him. In Christianity, spiritual growth is not an option; it becomes a part of life.Lewis wrote, That is why we must not be surprised if we are in for a rough time. 14 He continues to explain that when trouble comes, either in the form of illness, uncial struggles, or temptations that go against God, it is because God is moving them to a higher level to develop more patience, more love, or more faith in Him. 1 Peter says: These trials will show that your faith is genuine. It is being tested as fire tests and purifies gold-?though your faith is far more precious than mere gold.So when your faith remains strong through many trials, it will bring you much praise and glory and honor on the day when Jesus Christ is revealed to the whole world. 15 Through trials and tribulations God will shape and mold the lives of Christians o grow closer to Him and become perfect in the Fathers eyes. Another way to view spiritual growth resulting from pain is to view it like growing pains in children. Followers of Christ will endure spiritual growing pains that will stretch their love and faith in Christ. Therefore, pain and suffering will be present in their lives until God finishes the work He intended for their lives.Lewis explains this further by saying that the moment Christians place themselves in Gods hands, He will make them perfect and whatever the suffering may cost, He will not rest until the work is done. 16 CSS Lewis experiences with pain Lewis endured pain and sorrow throughout most of his life. His first encounter with suffering was the death of his mother when he was only nine years old. Later that same year, his grandfather died. He also dealt with anguish during the war and then suffered the agonizing death of his wife Joy.In his book A Grief Observed, which was written after his wife passed away, Lewis discusses how he began to question the love of God, including Gods ability to listen to prayers. He shares in chapter one how he felt God was not present during his time of mourning for his wife. He wrote, But go to Him hen your need is desperate, when all other help is vain, and what do you find? A door slammed in your face, and a sound of bolting and double bolting on the inside. After that, silence1 7 Lewis describes in detail his loneliness and compares it to the loneliness felt by Jesus on the cross when He asked God why He forsook Him.Even though pain challenged Lewis belief in God, he never lost his faith in Him. He wrote, The conclusion I dread is not So theres no God after all, but So this is what God is really like. Deceive yourself no longer. 18 Experiences of mourning and suffering like the ones Lewis endured can challenge a Christians foundation of faith in God. The will of God Followers of Christ believe in the perfect will of God, because, due to His omniscience He knows what to take to achieve His plans in the lives of Christians.Lewis states, Gods will is determined by His wisdom which always perceives, and His goodness which always embraces, the intrinsically good. 1 9 Gods will cannot be explained in the human context, but His actions are always for the good, even if it causes pain. God allowed Josephs brothers to turn on him in order to bring his family to Egypt, which blessed and formed onto a great nation. God also allowed Paul to endure great sufferings throughout his life, which led him to preach the Gospel to non-Jewish people. Gods permissive will allows for events to occur in the lives of Christians to accomplish His perfect will for His purposes.Saving the spirit of humans is Gods ultimate concern due to His love for them, hence the reason Jesus died on the cross. The Bible states, So we dont look at the troubles we can see now; rather, we fix our gaze on things that cannot be seen. For the things we see now will soon be gone, but the things we cannot see will last forever. 20 Christians believe and recognize that their sufferings are temporary; therefore they understand the promise of spending eternity in heaven with God. God desires for the world to know Him and give Him the glory that He alone deserves.Hence the reason why followers of Christ focus on spreading the Gospel around the world, even if it is painful. Jesus endured sufferings by spreading the true Word of God. Consequently, Christians, like missionaries, endure pain and suffering willingly, to spread the Good News around the world, without regard of the cost to their lives. Pain felt when God does not answer prayers As discussed earlier, God is all powerful and all knowing. Christians bring forth their petitions to God due to their belief that only He can answer their requests.Since God is all knowing, He understands how the answer to such prayers will impact the live of the petitioner. Therefore, when God does not answer the petitions of Christians, there is unhappiness and at times pain. Icon states that after Lewis the experiences of his mothers and grandfathers death, . . Combined with his fathers changed manner, caused the boy to experience pessimism and depression; he was also bitter about he unanswered prayers for his mothers recovery. 21 Lewis unanswered prayer brought pain and suffering. Christians experience the same pain when prayers for the recovery of a loved one are unanswered.Gods will and purpose for the life of His followers is beyond any pain felt in their lives. Unanswered prayers can also challenge the faith and belief in prayer. Christians can pray for specific requests believing God will grant what they request, which they believe is good for their lives. Lewis writes, If the thing he prays for doesnt happen, then that is one more proof that petitioners racers dont work; if it does happen, he will, of course, be able to see some physical causes which led up to it, therefore it would have happened anyway, and thus a granted prayer becomes just as good a proof as a denied one that prayers are ineffective. 2 An unanswered prayer can test a believer to think that prayers are ineffective. Although, Christians find assurance in the Bible where it says in 1 Thessalonians 5:16-18, Always be joyful. Never stop praying. Be thankful in all circumstances, for this is Gods will for you who belong to Christ Jesus. 23 Believers recognize that an unanswered prayer can hurt, but they know that it s Gods will and they should rejoice in all situations. Paul said, Thats why I take pleasure in my weaknesses, and in the insults, hardships, persecutions, and troubles that I suffer for Christ. For when am weak, then am strong. 24 Paul understands that during his weakness, he is strong because God provides him the strength to endure sufferings. The kindness of God versus the love of God The Bible establishes God is love. Humanity believes that God is kind and good; therefore, they cant understand why there is suffering in the world. There is a misconception between Gods kindness or goodness and Gods eve. Lewis explains this when he wrote, By goodness of God we mean nowadays almost exclusively His lovingness; and in this we may be right.And by Love, in this context, most of us mean kindness the desire to see others than the self happy; not happy in this way or in that, but just happy. 25 Christianity looks at God as a kind and loving God, both views are correct, but there is a difference between the two. For example, parents love their children and are good to them, but when the child wants something the parent does not believe they should have, for his well being, the child is no longer happy. Gods love is no different. He listens to the petitions of the heart, but He decides what to grant for the well being of the spirit.Harmon writes, Lewis insists that the idea God has for goodness is different from ours, in that it is far better and greater, but not too different. 26 Kindness and love are both very similar. The difference is that kindness temporarily pleases without regards to the future and love demands correction to build a solid foundation for the future. Lewis says love is more stern and splendid than mere kindness. 27 Understanding this misconception between Gods undines and Gods love is important to better understand some of the reasons why God allows pain.His love for humanity goes beyond suffering and pain. Jesus said, it is better to enter heaven missing a body part, than for the entire body to spend eternity in heehaw Conclusion Pain and suffering are evident in the lives of Christians and non-Christians alike. God cannot remove pain from this world, because in doing so He would have to remove human kind. That is not to say that human kind is pain, but that their actions, due to freewill, can inflict pain and suffering on those around them. Although pain exists, it cannot disprove Gods ability to love and be all-powerful. Pain itself is not evil. It was discussed that God uses pain and suffering to redirect the attention of humanity in His direction. His omniscience allows Him to use pain to mold His followers into vessels for His use, thus reflecting His love and glory. Self-surrender to Gods perfect will is painful due to the selfish nature of humans, however, this is necessary to enjoy the comfort and love God provides during painful situations. Pain as a result of self-surrender to God allows for spiritual growth in the Father, ringing His creation closer to Him, which is ultimately His purpose.

Friday, March 6, 2020

A Man For All Seaons essays

A Man For All Seaons essays A "Man for All Seasons" is about a man so subtle and saintly that an actor who takes on the role must be able to project an almost superhuman presence. As is evident, the story is based on the life of Sir Thomas More, man of God and chancellor to the court of Henry VIII. The year is 1530 and from what I know, actors in this movie typically wear transparent half-masks and double up on roles. More was the only member of Henry VIII's government who would not be seduced or corrupted by Henry's threats. When the king asked More to sign an oath establishing the monarchy as head of the Church of England, More refused. He could not alter the law, he said. As the play progresses and More loses his wealth and even his freedom, he becomes almost self-righteous in his strict adherence to the law. Exasperating, but he must remain sympathetic as his family goes down with him into grief and poverty. The man who plays him must show both his affectionate disposition and his unshakable piety or the script would be just an exercise in mouthing lines. What I saw from the story was how the wheels turn in More's mind, the glow of warmth and the bleakness of despair that flicker across his face. It is not enough to paint him as a man. He must be a man among grovelers and syncophants, a towering presence. A man for all seasons, in other words. In most cases, I am compelled to say that one probably would not be able to successfully preserve their integrity in a situation such as Thomas More's. But in response to the question of whether or not a man can reasonably hope to do so, I believe that More's behavioral response exemplifies a positive confirmation of such. Even if it could not be reasonably expected for a man to maintain his integrity when consistently faced with such a dilemma, it would probably be asserted that such was understandable. Somewhat i ...

Wednesday, February 19, 2020

Manage the Product Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Manage the Product - Essay Example By focusing on software and service, the company shall have differentiated her products from the aggressive competitors especially from China. Generally, Samsung accelerates product innovation, maximize her profitability, and is determined to improve design, launch, and support her products. Samsung has position as the heart, mind, and voice of their worldwide consumers by closely monitoring their behaviors. Samsung works closely with her partners and consumers to understand how the customer behavior and marketplaces evolve. The company believes that the Software will enable their consumers to utilize both their services and devices and even understand consumersÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ preference, satisfaction and improve on other areas of weakness (Cheng Web). Samsung believes that by investing in software that will enable the company receive feedback from their customers; they will definitely be smarter and quicken the evolution of the products. Investing in software will improve sales of SamsungÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s hardware. The company plans to develop software that will support their main hardware business thus adding value to the hardware and boosting sales (Cheng Web). Samsung already sells a good number of screens compared to any other company globally and developing support for the hardware will make the company have a very huge platform of distributing their content and services. The company believes that careful and wonderful integration of both the software and hardware will be significant in enabling them sell the best products in the market. Samsung believes that working with startups will highly create the innovation that the company normally is normally committed to achieving. The company believes in initiating startups by having open discussions with top software and Services Company that will ensure a few people working a breakthrough

Tuesday, February 4, 2020

Review, Evaluation & Analysis of a case study Essay

Review, Evaluation & Analysis of a case study - Essay Example However, Rosen (1998) emphasizes the importance of initial finance in ventures of small businesses. On the other hand, Santarelli& Vivarelli (2006) found a positive correlation between the choice of financing and the growth and survival of a venture. This paper explores the role of entrepreneurial finance in the entrepreneurial life cycle. According to Leach & Melicher (2003), the early phases of the entrepreneurship life cycle, the venture exhibits undercapitalization and in effect the entrepreneur must grab the different sources of capital. Mason (2007) discusses the role of informal sources of finances, which are often ignored in class room environment, but have significant role in the entrepreneurial life cycle. According to Preston (2007), angel investors are high net worth persons who inject funds in the early stage companies. Reminiscent of an American program, Shark Tank, that features high net worth individuals who are looking for investment opportunities in television. Kerr, Lerner & Schoar (2010) found out that angel investments improve entrepreneurial success. These opportunities for tapping capital at such early stages must occur as the venture progresses from startup through the survival stage. The major objective of the entrepreneurial finance is to assist the entrepreneurs through the life cycle of the venture to continually make better investment and financing decisions. The process covers the entire venture life cycle from startup to exit and inquires into issues such as deal structures, incentives, business models and valuation to a greater degree than normal equity management. Winton & Yerramilli (2008) in a comparison between bank and venture capital financing delved into the metrics of the choice between these two methods of financing a venture. According to N Berger & F Udell (1998), entrepreneurial finance plays an important role in small business as opposed to the large business. The small

Sunday, January 26, 2020

Iraq War: Aftermath of US Withdrawal

Iraq War: Aftermath of US Withdrawal IRAQI SPAT HOOD IN POST AGGRESSION ENVIRONMENT INTRODUCTION The ancient civilization Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq (Al Jumhuriyah-Al-Iraqia in Arabic), is a country in south-western Asia. This great civilization had been humiliated and devastated by the invasion of many, and recently the United States-led coalition forces. The Second Gulf War popularly known as Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Iraq WarÃ¢â‚¬ took place from 20 March to 08 April 2003. The war itself may be regarded as a sequel to the First Gulf War fought in 1991. Americans named the war Ã¢â‚¬Å"Operation Iraqi Freedom, (OIF)Ã¢â‚¬ . Military action led by the United States against the regime of Saddam Hussein, the authoritarian leader of Iraq. Announcing the beginning of the war, United States President George W Bush explained that the goals were to Ã¢â‚¬Å"Disarm Iraq to free its people.Ã¢â‚¬ Though President Bush declared on 01 May 2003 that the major combat operations in Iraq had been over, yet many would argue that the war in Iraq has not ended. It is more evident when the coalition f orces are engaged in fierce guerrillas who all are effectively applying the hit and run tactics and casualties on United States soldiers are on the rise. The Coalition Forces (CF) invaded Iraq in total defiance of international opinion. There had been a wide-ranging scepticism about the United StatesÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s case for initiating this war. The coalition gained a military victory against a nation that had been suffering due to United NationÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s imposed sanctions for the last 12 years. The military outcome in Iraq War was never in doubt, yet any success seems widely premature for several reasons. Even in Iraq it is not at all clear at this point whether the sequel to warfare will be a smooth transition to a peaceful and democratic Iraq or a descent into civil war. This invention led to many desired and undesired outcomes. It is certain that the war in Iraq and the post-war situation haveÃ‚ wide ranging effects on the countryÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s future. After the national election, now it is the probable time for United States forces to withdraw. But still the Iraqi Army, National Guard and Police could not act very effectively. After the election now situation of Iraq has got a new dimension. Political and military events though are inseparable in war; this paper will highlight the pre war Iraq, future prospects and possibilities of Iraq after the departure of collation force. AIM The aim of this paper is to analyze the pre war situation of Iraq and the likely future conditions after withdrawal of United States forces. AN ACCOUNT OF PRE WAR IRAQ Social About 75 percent of the population of Iraq is Arab. Kurds, dwelling in the highlands of northern Iraq, constitute 15 to 20 percent of the population. Smaller groups include TurkmenÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s, Jews, Armenians, and Assyrians. Arabic is the official language of Iraq and is spoken by the majority of the population. The Kurds speak Kurdish. Armenian and Assyrian are spoken in rural areas in the north and west. Iraq is a pilgrimage site for Shia Muslims. Muslims make up 96 percent of IraqÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s population. About 60 to 65 percent of the Muslims adhere to the Shia branch, and the rest adhere to the Sunni branch. The Shias live mostly in central and southern Iraq, and the Sunnis live principally in the north. Most of the Kurds are Sunnis. Several of the holy cities of the Shias, notably An Najaf and KarbalÃƒâ€žÃ‚ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, are situated in Iraq. Economic The modern Iraqi economy has been largely based on petroleum. Most of the few large manufacturing industries have to do with oil. During HusseinÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s rule the Iraqi economy was adversely affected by four major factors: the war with Iran during the 1980s, an international oil glut in the 1980s and 1990s, the economic sanctions imposed by the United Nations (UN) after the invasion of Kuwait in 1990, and the Persian Gulf War in 1991. The combined effect of all these factors was the destruction of IraqÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s basic infrastructure (roads, bridges, power grids, and the like) and the countryÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s financial bankruptcy. The UN sanctions created widespread unemployment, skyrocketing inflation, and severe shortages of previously imported commodities, including medicine, medical equipment, animal vaccines, farm machinery, electricity-generating equipment, and water purification supplies. As a result of these shortages and the damage done to water and sewage treatment systems during the war, the incidence of disease and malnutrition rose sharply. Political The leading political organization in Iraq under Saddam Hussein was the Arab Baath Socialist Party, which bases its policies on pan-Arab and socialist principles. Other political groups include the Iraqi Communist Party (ICP), the KurdistÃƒâ€žÃ‚ n Democratic Party (KDP), The United Iraqi Alliance, the Patriotic Union of KurdistÃƒâ€žÃ‚ n (PUK), and a few other Kurdish parties. The two most important Shia opposition parties are the DaÃ¢â‚¬Ëœwa Islamic Party and the Supreme Assembly of the Islamic Revolution in Iraq (SAIRI). Until HusseinÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s overthrow, all these opposition parties were illegal outside the Kurdish autonomous region. Following the US invasion, another political group, the Iraqi National Congress led by Ahmad Chalabi, emerged as an important political force. The Baath Party remained a legalÃ‚ and open party. However, the US administrator for Iraq banned some high-level Baath Party members from employment in the public sector. STRATEGY OF UNITED STATES AND COALITION AGGRESSION By early March 2003 it became clear that the administration of US president George W Bush was intent on military action against Iraq. The Bush administration asserted that Iraq possessed chemical weapons, had accelerated its program to make biological weapons, and was actively seeking materials to make nuclear weapons. The US administration feared that Hussein could provide weapons of mass destruction to terrorist groups for use against the United States. In subsequent speeches and reports President Bush and his administration made the case for preemptive military action to avoid such a potential threat. Ã¢â‚¬Å"If we wait for threats to fully materialize, we will have waited too long,Ã¢â‚¬ President Bush said in June 2002. To make the case for military action against Iraq in his January 2002 State of the Union speech in which he identified Iraq as a member of an Ã¢â‚¬Å"axis of evilÃ¢â‚¬ threatening global security.In his January 2003 State of the Union address, President Bush cited reports that Hussein had attempted to buy Ã¢â‚¬Å"significant quantities of uranium from AfricaÃ¢â‚¬ as well as special aluminum tubes in order to produce nuclear weapons. Bush administration officials also asserted that the establishment of a new, democratic government in Iraq could pave the way for peace in the Middle East and the spread of democracy among Arab nations. The war began on 20 March. The invasion of Iraq, dubbed Operation Iraqi Freedom by the White House, was led by General Tommy Franks, then head of the US Central Command. The coalition force consisted of a U.S.Ã‚ force that initially numbered about 200,000 personnel (eventually expandingÃ‚ to 290,000), as well as about 50,000 British personnel, about 2,000 Australian troops, and about 200 Polish soldiers.The U.S. military made much greater use of precise, high-tech weaponry than in the Persian GulfÃ‚ War. In 2003 coalition force used satellite-guided bombs and advanced drones (unmanned aerial vehicles) for reconnaissance. In early April the US force, its supply lines secured, moved in on Baghdad. On 4 April 2003 Army forces seized Saddam International Airport, west of the city, and renamed it Baghdad International Airport. On 5 April a battalion from the 2nd Brigade of the 3rd Infantry Division drove through Baghdad in a raid. More than 1,000 Iraqis were reported killed during the operation, according to a US estimate. On 7 April 2003 the 2nd Brigade attacked into central Baghdad. The same day, US B-1 bombers dropped four 900-kg (2,000-lb) bombs on a building in western Baghdad where Hussein was believed to be hiding. Nevertheless, HusseinÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s grip on power was gone. US Marines arrived in Baghdad on 9 April 2003 and helped Iraqi civilians tear down a massive statue of Saddam Hussein that towered over a major city square. Within a few days Marines captured Tikrit, a city north of Baghdad and HusseinÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s ancestral home, with little struggle. President Bush declared an end to combat operations on 1 May 2003. Nevertheless, the guerrilla war against the coalition occupation continued till today. IRAQI RESISTANCE WAR Insurgents have killed at least 29 US and six British military personnel since the US President, George Bush, declared an End to combat operations in Iraq on May 1. The violence has been concentrated in Baghdad and the so-called Sunni triangle west and north of the capital, an area inhabited mainly by Saddam Husseins fellow Sunni Arabs, a minority in Iraq. Attacks under cover of crowds are less risky for the assailant. TheÃ‚ only defence against them is maintaining strict separation between coalition troops and the civilian population apparently one of the insurgents aims. The Iraqi resistance to US occupation is growing, as is its support among ordinary Iraqis. Iraqs interim government recently admitted that the insurgency involves at least 40,000 hardcore fighters and up to 200,000 active sympathizersa far cry from the isolated 5,000 Baathist remnants and foreign fighters the Pentagon initially claimed to be fighting. They are effectively using the hit and run tactics on the coalition force. GENERAL ELECTIONS At the beginning of 2005 after 50 years, 30 January 2005 general election took place. In this election Shia supported United Iraqi Alliances earn the majority and form the first democratic government. The Kurdish Leader Jalal Talebani elected as President and Shia leader Ibrahim Al Jaffrai nominated as Prime minister. After that the government fails to ensure the national unity. Ruther government ignites the conflict. In the proposed constitution government neglect the interest of Sunni Muslim. After a long debate 28 August 2005 government signed the draft constitution and arranges the general election on this constitution. In that election within the 18 provinces government won in 15 provinces and lost in resttree. With this result the Sunni could not change the constriction. The Shia Ã¢â‚¬â€œSunni conflict increase in this volatile situation. International Opinions. US and British officials repeatedly warned IraqÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s political parties that in a democratic election there are winner and looser. Same time they hope that Iraqi leader set up a coalition governmentÃ‚ to help the undermine Sunni support for the insurgency. Now to bring them in the same platform the government have to keep the interest of the Sunni. INTERNAL SITUATION Political Presently in Iraq Shia and Sunni conflict turn into a worst situation. At 21 February 2006 there was a big boom explosion in Shia mosque AL Aksari in Samara city. It starts the riot in Bagdad. In whole country at least 90 Sunni mosques was attacked by Sunnis. After this incident there is a possibility of civil war. The main political party of Sunni complains that at least 50 mosques in Bagdad city were attacked by Shia. Iraqi president Jalal Talebani asks all to face the situation together and stop the risk of civil war. A month after the general election, political parties are still waiting for results and are jockeying for position ahead of the start of serious bargaining on the make up of the countryÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s first full time government since the fall of Saddam Hussein. Initial indications showed that IraqÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Shiite(A branch of Shia Muslim) majority come out on top in the 15 DecemberÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s vote but final results dew in the coming days, have been delayed by a probe into com plaints by Sunni backed and secular party of ballot rigging. Recently the Iraqi parties started negotiation on a national unity government after rebels launched concentred attack in western Iraq to coincide with the release of election result. The election were marked by voting along ethnic and sectarian lines with the shia religious based United Iraqi Alliance, which includes prime minister Ibrahim JaafariÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s DawaParty and Abdul Aziz HakimÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Supreme Council for Islamic Revolution in Iraq, winning 128 of parliamentÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s 275 states. Economic Following the US Iraq War of 2003, the US spent billions of dollars to revive IraqÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s oil industry. By March 2004 Iraq was producing about 2.5 million barrels of oil per day, nearly as much as it produced prior to the 2003 war. The US expenditures were also aimed at restoring and upgrading IraqÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s oil fields and refineries. Much of the work was contracted to U.S. andÃ‚ other foreign oil companies, under the supervision of the US civil administrator. Social After the aggression of coalition force now IraqiÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s are facing the hard strike of poverty. A resent study by the United Nation Development Programme and international Monetary Fund shows that 20 percent of the population has followen below the international poverty line of one dollar par day par person. The member of the families registering for assistanceÃ‚ with the labor and social affairs ministry has more then tripled since the war to 171000 and even that according to the ministry Ã¢â‚¬Å"Drop in the oceanÃ¢â‚¬ . FUTURE TRENDS After the withdrawal of coalition force, the first to suffer will be the people of Iraq. Due to the Shia Ã¢â‚¬â€œSunni conflict general mass will face human suffering. Each and every day the list of casualty getting longer and longer. Various terrorist / insurgence group are still active. Police force or security force is not well organized. After withdrawal of US forces the law and order situation will be in a feeble condition. Insurgency, political revenge and arms conflict between various political or religious groups willÃ‚ increase. Police force or security force require time to organize, equipped and trained them. In this process various political parties came up and participated in general election. Rashid Khalidi, director of the Middle East Institute atÃ‚ Columbia University said just before the election Ã¢â‚¬Å"They will have a Shia-dominated, Islamic-oriented government in Iraq. Now situation is not balance. Shia dominated party gets the clear majority in the election, could not make the situation stable. Conflict of Shia and Sunni heading towards a civil war. There may be situation the whole country will divided as per their ethics. Recently they started attacked on there religious centers. Standing on this crisis situation Iraqi president Jalal Talebani asks all to face the situation together and stop the risk of civil war. Recently the Iraqi political parties started negotiation on a national unity government after rebels launched concentred attack in western Iraq toÃ‚ coincide with the release of election result. The election were marked by voting along ethnic and sectarian lines with the Shia religious based United Iraqi Alliance, which includes prime minister Ibrahim JaafariÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Dawa Party. CONCLUSION Ã‚ Iraq War has once again proved that there cannot be a military solution to a political problem. Though US Doctrine of Pre-emption has changed world security perspective, it also cautions that war against world opinion can be a disaster. More equipment-intensive future battlefield warrants modernization of the army. It has also proved that the most highÃ¢â‚¬â€œtech war also cannot be bloodless. Several thousands Iraqis were killed and wounded. Lately US loss is also quite significant. A good plan shouldÃ‚ also encompass all aspects of war Ã¢â‚¬â€œ from the battle itself to the rebuilding phase, where the Armed Forces will be a relevant player. The post conflictÃ‚ scenario for the army is equally challenging against the insurgence and guerrilla group. The post-war situation in Iraq is frustrating. The political process for the smooth transition to democracy is in question. The reconstruction process is unbearably slow for the people of the war torn country. The on going high intensity of guerrilla war and aggressive counter insurgency operation are aggravating the sufferings of the people further. The peace and stability of Iraq and the region is highly uncertain. The war ravage Iraq is facing a total disorder. Reconstruction of Iraq is now the biggest challenge. The public service are to be restored, supply of food, medicine and other essential commodities are to be ensured. Sufferings of the mass people cannot be reducing at a time but a smoothÃ‚ political situation will be the first priority to achieve social and economical establishment. RECOMMENDATIONS Political parties should have mutual trust between them. They should come to a same platform on the interest of their country. Soon they should form the coalition government and start reconstructions of war offended country. Various political parties should give the highest priority to their national interest keeping a side their UN ethical interest. They should take help of ether countries to develop their own security force. Government should take to solve the Insurgency problem. Bhatiary ,Chittagong IMTIAZ MAHMUD BIBLIOGRAPHY Books 1.Bruce W. Watson, Military Lessons of the Gulf War, (Lahore: Izharsons Printers, 1992). 2.J C Aggarwal, Golf Crisis : Pre War And post War Scenario,(INDIA : S Chand Company) 3. Robert F Helms,The Persian Gulf Crisis: Power in the post Ã¢â‚¬â€œCold War World ( London: Wesport, Connecticut.) Journals / Magazines/ Newspaper 4.Daily Star: January, February 2006 5.Burger, Kim, Caught off guard? JaneÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Defence Weekly, October 01, 2003. 6.Elliott, Michael, So, What Went Wrong? Time Magazine, October 06, 2003. 7.Robinson, Simon, Baghdad Today; Progress, Inch by Inch, Time Magazine, October 06, 2003. 8.Ripley, Tim, Mean Streets, JaneÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Defence Weekly, October 15, 2003. Reports 9.Lt Gen T. Michael Moseley, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM-By the Numbers: (Assessment and Analysis Division, USCENTAF, 30 April 2003). Official Document 10.Army Headquarters Project Study Paper by 46 Independent Infantry Brigade, Iraq War A Review, Dhaka, 2003. Web Sites 11.www.bbc.com 12.www.army.com